BR thanks Rotblat for his letter of 5 April regarding Max Born.

"I feel that it is very desirable to please him, and in view of what you say in your letter, I wonder whether he could be induced to divide the article into two and at the same time shorten it, though less than if it remained one article, and whether, if so, you would be prepared to publish the two articles." BR is writing to Born as well with this suggestion.

Rotblat thanks BR for his letter of 15 March, and is having Born's lecture retyped as he has the only English version of the lecture, which will be forwarded to BR Wednesday.

BR writes to Born about publishing his article in the New Scientist. While the magazine cannot accept an article as long as his, BR suggests dividing the article in half, with each half somewhat shortened.

BR writes that he has not heard from Rotblat if he desires his contribution of £50 to go towards the Pugwash Conference.

In a postscript BR writes that he encloses a letter from Professor Weisskopf (not present).

Rotblat thanks BR for his letter and contribution towards the expenses of the Pugwash Conference.

Rotblat expresses concern with the poor response to the invitations to Pugwash, as there still has been no response from the last batch of letters sent out. Rotblat proposes inviting Dr. Brock Chisholm, former president of the W.H.O. as the conference will be held in Canada, as well as renewing Hahn's invitation.

Rotblat encloses a copy of a statement on the strontium hazard issued by the A.S.A. (not present).

Burhop writes that he, Powell and Rotblat have decided to recommend to BR that a new batch of Pugwash invitations be sent to the listed people and encloses the invitation letters (not present) to them, to be signed and sent by BR.

Burhop "saw" BR's "TV programme the other evening"; it was "superb". [It was BR on his life and times, televised 17 May 1957. Alan Wood was involved, for the biography was published next day. Lady Barnet may also have been involved.]

Eaton thanks Rotblat for his letter of 16 May, agreeing with the provisional programme changes and the list of participants, which was enclosed.

He writes that though the conference is set for 8-10 July, any scientists who wish to arrive a few days early are more than welcome to do so.

Eaton asks if there is anybody in the McGill faculty that would be useful to invite to the conference, as McGill has been incredibly helpful in previous meetings at Pugwash.

Burhop encloses invitations for the listed people, H.D. Smyth, J.A. Simpson, Chou Pei-yuan.

There is a handwritten note in the top left corner saying "Signed and sent".

Eaton encloses a copy of the Saturday Review of 25 May (not present) and New York Times front page story of 27 May, regarding the hazards of nuclear energy (record 117012).

Document is the New York Times front page article entitled, "Fall-Out Hearing Will Open Today: Congress Study Aims to Bar Politics and Get at Facts of Atomic Test Dangers" by John W. Finney.

Enclosed with record 117011.

BR encloses a letter from Hans Thirring, needing urgent attention (not present). BR feels it is desirable for him to go to Pugwash. "Have you funds in hand that you can use to send him the price of his ticket? As I told Rotblat, I am willing to contribute £50 to the expenses connected with the Congress at any moment if this would help. Will you please communicate with Professor Thirring about his expenses?"

BR writes that he is sure there is money for Thirring's fare, and has sent his letter to Burhop.

"I note what you say about 'a kind of atom hysteria'. It is not confined to Austria and is liable to grow until it becomes uncontrollable. I am very glad that you expect to go to the Pugwash Conference."

On the verso of the letter at record 117013.

Burhop encloses a number of letters in reply to those received from intending participants (not present).

He also encloses a proposed letter to Eaton (not present).

Chou writes as he cannot get a visa to London, as the visa office has not been informed of the conference. Yuan asks for BR's help with this as he is to leave for London on the 29th of the month.

The letter may be a transcription of a telegram.

Burhop encloses two letters to Eaton and Thirring, dealing with the matter of fare money.

He also encloses a letter which has arrived from Eaton (not present), and has discussed with Powell the idea of inviting someone from McGill, which Powell agreed would be a nice gesture.

Simpson replies to BR's invitation to Pugwash, though he is unable to take part in the conference due to commitments in July and August.

BR writes, "I think perhaps something ought to be done in the way of preparing participants [for my absence] and suggesting the need of a chairman. I have always thought it probable, as you and Rotblat and Powell have known, that I should not be able to go and now, for reasons of health, this is quite definite. I have an affliction of the throat which makes me unable to swallow many ordinary kinds of food and which gets worse if I am exposed to fatigue."

[This letter makes it clear that BR decided not to attend Pugwash before Edith's heart attack, which took place on June 6.]

Eaton thanks BR for his letters of 29 and 30 May, and informs BR that funds have been cabled to Professor Waddington and they are working on obtaining visas for others.

Eaton suggests John S. Forster of McGill as an addition to Pugwash. Also in file is a handwritten copy of the telegram.

Rotblat writes that Brock Chisholm could be the chairman of the conference, as it will be taking place in Canada.

He has received letters from Rabinowitch and Szilard suggesting people from the United States to be invited. He encloses the letters, as well as a letter to Foster of McGill (not present).

Rotblat writes that during his visit to Poland he was able to persuade Marian Danysz to go to Pugwash in place of Leopold Infeld.

Burhop should be asked to attend Pugwash to help with the organization as he would be the ideal person to deal with the secretarial and other work that will likely arise.

Rotblat asks BR to record a message on tape to be read at the conference as he will not be able to attend.

At Eaton's request the Bank of Nova Scotia encloses a draft for Canadian $520.00.

Eaton thanks Rotblat for his letter of 12 June, and confirms the list of attendees.

Eaton encloses a clipping from the New York Times of 17 June 1957 which "... shows the continued and ever-growing interest in the subject of your conference" (record 117026).

Document is a clipping from the New York Times by C.L. Sulzberger.

Article is enclosed with Eaton's letter, record 117025.

BR has signed the two letters Rotblat enclosed on April 29.

BR does not think it worth while to send cables to those who have not replied because of the expense and because "most of those who don't answer don't mean to come."

Rotblat thanks BR for his letter of 18 June and realizes that since his last conversation with BR, it will be impossible for BR to attend Pugwash.

He will send as little correspondence to BR as possible given the present difficulties he is facing. [Re Edith's illness.]

Eaton encloses a clipping from the day's New York Times "... of Lewis Strauss' recommendation of a conference of humanists of the world to seek world peace, and a statement of Earnest Lawrence and Edward Teller on 'clean' atomic weapons" (record 117030).

Article is about Lewis Strauss' suggestion of a conference of humanists to discuss world peace.

Enclosed with record 117029.

"I should be grateful for every assistance given to McMaster University in obtaining copies of my papers to be added to my Archives there."

Eaton writes that he is distressed to hear about Edith's illness and hopes she makes a speedy recovery.

He encloses an extract from chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission Lewis Strauss' address proposing a conference of international scholars to "... find a way to advert the annihilation of mankind. It is encouraging to have what amounts to an endorsement of the purpose you have long been advocating emanate from this source."

Enclosed is record 117033.

Document is an extract of Lewis Strauss' address in West Branch, Iowa on June 20, 1957. Strauss calls out for the need to hold a conference of nations. "I see this as a great gathering to which we will ask the chief humanists of our day from all countries—the philosophers, historians, sociologists, theologians, and all the leaders of thought whose concern is with man rather than the physical universe which man inhabits."

Enclosed with record 117032.

Burhop writes that Rotblat is anxious to invite two or three more Americans. Would BR sign the enclosed letters (not present), and airmail them back to him at Pugwash, after which he, Rotblat and Powell would decide upon the invitations?

Chou apologizes that, due to delays with his visa, he was not able to arrive in London earlier the previous day, and therefore was unable to visit BR.

"Under separate cover, I am sending you a personal gift which is a scroll painted by the leading Chinese painter, Chih Pai-shih.

He is now 97 years old and is still active in painting. This picture was done at the end of 1923 when he was much younger then."

Eaton sends BR best wishes from himself and the members of the conference, all of whom have arrived in Pugwash.

"All members are deeply concerned to contribute to the resolution of the profound problems now facing governments and peoples."

Eaton asks if the conference may make BR's "great" opening speech public, and to cable immediately if BR consents.

No reply is indicated.

Powell thanks BR for his letter of 18 July, and is glad to hear that BR approved of the statement issued at Pugwash. He apologizes for not having had time to visit BR and provide him with a report of Pugwash in person.

Powell details elements of the Pugwash Conference in the remainder of his letter.

Eaton encloses a letter from Alfred Kohlberg to all the editors of important American newspapers (record 117040).

"Kohlberg heads the so-called 'China lobby' and has enjoyed profitable business concessions from Chiang Kai-shek over the years. For obvious reasons, therefore, Kohlberg devotes his full energies to a constant propaganda campaign to try to restore Chiang to power."

Kohlberg begins his letter by quoting Chou En-lai, Chinese premier, at the National People's Congress in Peking on 26 June 1957. He cites Chou En-lai as defining those who support communists as "people" and those who do not as "enemies".

"The gathering at Pugwash, N.S., this week, called by Bertrand Russell and paid for by Cyrus Eaton, which called for peace by abandoning the U.S.A. and substituting world government, thus spoke for the 'people' as defined by Chou En-lai. No wonder Cyrus Eaton called for recognition of Red China in the Cleveland News of Jan. 4, 1957. He and Bertrand Russell qualify as 'people.'"

Enclosed with record 117039.

Eaton encloses photocopies of a letter he received at Pugwash from Rockwell Kent, the American artist, and a copy of a letter from the Mexican artist, Diego Rivera, mentioned by Kent (record 117042 and record 117043).

Rivera writes, "I address myself to you to ask that your voice and the authority of your position reinforce the demand, in the name of everything in the world that signifies culture, beauty, joy and peace, for the immediate suspension of the thermonuclear and atomic bomb tests, since their continuation can only result in a general atomic war with the consequent destruction of humanity."

Rivera discusses the threat the test bombs pose, and wonders why more people have not stood up to voice their dissent regarding the atomic bomb tests, especially considering the devastation that bombs created in Japan.

Enclosed with record 117041.

Kent acknowledges the Pugwash Conference on Eaton's Nova Scotia estate and informs Eaton of the letter he received from Diego Rivera, of which he will send a copy.

"I have wired Rivera to learn from him what his intentions are and whether or not he has in mind that I should undertake its publication and circularization. Diego Rivera's name commands the greatest respect in America, and his appeal could be made to reach a far larger public than Linus Pauling's. If the appeal is launched, I would be deeply appreciative of your counsel."

Kent is getting in touch with Corliss Lamont.

Enclosed with record 117041.

Szilard encloses a note (record 117045) addressed to BR and the other Pugwash Committee members, and expresses regrets that BR could not attend Pugwash, wishing Edith well.

"Attached is a copy of a letter which I wrote to Professor Morton Grodzins, chairman of the Department of Political Science at this university [the University of Chicago]. As you will see from this letter, I am conducting an inquiry with the possibility in mind that either this university or perhaps some other suitable university in the U.S. might assume responsibility for arranging a meeting of the kind which I describe in the memorandum and appendix which are enclosed."

Szilard asks BR if he could, briefly, provide his views on holding such a meeting.

Also attached is a list of people whom Szilard sent his "memorandum based on a meeting held on the initiative of Bertrand Russell at Pugwash, Nova Scotia, July 1957".

Enclosed with record 117044.

Rabinowitch expresses his regret at BR's absence in Pugwash, and best wishes for Edith's health.

He encloses a copy of an article he wrote on Pugwash for the September issue of the Bulletin (not present).

He writes that he feels the meeting was successful, and that further meetings would be useful, particularly regarding the consideration of the immediate future, and "... long-range educational activity directed at changing the historically established attitude of nations and their political leaders toward each other to make them fit to live in the new habitat created by science."

Regarding this he has drafted the "11-points" declaration adopted at Pugwash, and asks for BR's comments on his suggestions.

Royon encloses Pugwash articles and editorials Eaton said he would send in his 7 August letter (record 117048, record 117049, record 117050, record 117051, record 117052, record 117053, record 117054, record 117055, record 117056, record 117057, record 117058, record 117059).

Article in Life magazine regarding the Pugwash Conference.

Enclosed with record 117047.

Clipping from Time magazine about the Pugwash Peace Conference.

Enclosed with record 117047.

 This article discusses the Defense Department's newest publication, "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons".

Enclosed with record 117047.

This article in The Ottawa Citizen discusses the Pugwash Conference.

Enclosed with record 117047.

This New York Post article discusses the four-day meeting in Pugwash, including scientists from both sides of the Iron Curtain.

Enclosed with record 117047.

The Montreal Star's article on the Pugwash Conference.

Enclosed with record 117047.

This article in the Toronto Daily Star is about Cyrus Eaton, and the Pugwash Conference.

Enclosed with record 117047.

The New York Times in their article about Cyrus Eaton and the Pugwash Conference refers to Eaton as a "millionaire philosopher".

Enclosed with record 117047.

This Globe and Mail article is about the Pugwash Conference.

Enclosed with record 117047.

This article is about the gathering of 22 scientists from 10 nations to Cyrus Eaton's Pugwash, Nova Scotia, home for a conference.

Enclosed with record 117047.

Daniel's article discusses the Pugwash Conference. It opens by saying, "Leading scientists from the communist and non-communist countries debated today how much they should tell the world about their conclusions on the outlook for civilization and survival of humanity in this nuclear age."

Enclosed with record 117047.

Daniel's article further details the Pugwash Conference.

Enclosed with record 117047.

BR writes regarding the memorandum he has received from Szilard, record 117045.

Some of Szilard's remarks are sensible. However, BR does not feel it would be good for Powell, Rotblat and himself enter into a permanent association with the University of Chicago, because, while it is currently liberal, it may not remain so. He does not think that those on the other side of the Iron Curtain would be happy with the association.

BR will await Rotblat's views before replying to Szilard's letter.

Eaton writes, "Since the Pugwash meeting there has been an amazing influx of mail from all parts of the world. One letter that has particularly appealed to me is this painstakingly written communication from a Japanese schoolboy" (not present). See record 117062 and record 117063.

Article is about Cyrus Eaton's plea to end the arms race, citing the letter he received from a young Japanese school boy, Tadaaki Taniguchi, as mentioned in his letter to BR (record 117061).

Article is about Eaton's call for global peace, based upon a letter he received from a Japanese schoolboy.

Eaton encloses a letter from Paul Doty, of Harvard's chemistry department, regarding the Pugwash meeting (record 117065). Eaton asks BR for his thoughts on Doty's suggestions for a follow-up meeting.

Doty writes regarding the Pugwash meeting. "I should favour as a next stop the serious study over a much longer period of whatever comes out of the London disarmament conference—what to do if it succeeds and what went wrong and how it can be overcome if it fails."

Enclosed with record 117064.

BR thanks Eaton for Doty's letter, and agrees that there should be a next step in continuing the work done at Pugwash, though he is unsure if Doty's is the best suggestion.

"Speaking generally, I feel that disarmament is not the first step since no agreement is likely to be reached on this matter until there has been a diplomatic détente about the questions in dispute between East and West, more especially Middle Eastern oil, the unification of Germany, and recognition of the Peking government. These, however, are not matters in which scientists have any special competence. As to what scientists should do to continue their useful work, I am prepared to accept the opinions of those who organized the Pugwash Conference."

Szilard encloses two memoranda, and a letter from Weizsaecker, and asks for BR's opinion (record 117068, record 117069, record 117070).

This memorandum concerns the stance taken by a group of German scientists who have decided to publicly oppose Germany's manufacturing of atomic weapons. Szilard suggests supporting them.

Enclosed with record 117067.

Szilard re-sends the copy of Weizsaecker's letter, as there was a typing error in the previously sent copy.

Adding to the reasons it might not be wise to give von Weizsaecker's group the chance to call an international meeting of scientists, Szilard adds, "Assuming that Weizsaecker's group wants to take the leadership, that does not mean that the meeting which they may wish to call must be held on the territory of West Germany; indeed, there may be strong reasons why this might be inadvisable. In this respect the situation might be quite similar to the one discussed by me in an earlier memorandum, in which I dealt with the possibility that the University of Chicago might assume the responsibility for calling a meeting outside of the United States."

Enclosed with record 117067.

Letter from von Weizsaecker to Szilard, in German.

Enclosed with record 117067.

Blackham writes on behalf of Muller.

"Mr. Cyrus Eaton wrote to me just before the Second Congress of the International Humanist and Ethical Union in London (July 26-31), and I enclose a copy of his letter with my reply" (record 117072 and record 117073). Blackham encloses a copy of the resolution which the Congress adopted (record 117074).

"If indeed it would be of great service in steadying and informing world-wide opinion and guiding official policy to have a small conference on a broader basis, to include political and social thinkers, competent to undertake a patient and skilled exploration of the entire problem of the defence of legitimate interests in the present arms situation, in order to disentangle the related issues and to formulate the alternatives, the call for such a conference would come with special force from the Pugwash scientists. It is this which Professor Muller wanted me to discuss with you, if possible." Blackham asks BR if this is possible.

Eaton writes: "This is an inspired suggestion by the Chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission for an International Conference of Humanists", and encloses an extract from Lewis Strauss' address.

Enclosed with record 117071.

Blackham writes that he will put Eaton's suggestion to the Board of Directors of the International Humanist and Ethical Union on the eve of their Second Congress.

Response has been typed beneath Eaton's letter.

Enclosed with record 117071.

"Statement of the Board of Directors to the Final Plenary Session of the International Humanist and Ethical Union Group at the Second Congress, 26-31 July 1957."

Enclosed with record 117071.

BR thanks Blackham for his letter of 1 October.

"It seems to me that Rotblat and Powell and I ought to agree on an answer to the suggestion that you transmit." As Blackham is getting in touch with Rotblat, BR suggests the two of them visit BR the following Friday or Saturday morning at his Millbank address.

Eaton writes, "As you know, I have been trying in my own small way to promote the cause of an honorable peace by bringing men of divergent nationalities and divergent views together at my native Pugwash from time to time." Eaton received "warm acknowledgment" of his work in a letter from President Eisenhower, which he encloses (record 117079).

This is a transcription of Thant's telegram of the same day.

Eisenhower thanks Eaton for his letter of 9 October and writes to recognize the conferences Eaton has held in Pugwash, observing the developments by the Russian and Chinese scientists and metallurgists. "My prayer is that their impressive advancement, together with the progress made by other scientists throughout the world, can be utilized for the betterment of all mankind—and to that effort I continue to devote every energy I personally possess."

Enclosed with record 117076.

Eaton encloses a clipping from the New York Herald Tribune, regarding an editorial and interview "... on the opportunities that have opened up for a rapprochement between the capitalist and communist worlds, as a result of last summer's meeting at Pugwash. For America's most influential Conservative Republican newspaper to adopt this view augurs well for the new approach to international relations so urgently needed in this nuclear age" (record 117088).

An op-ed by Eaton featured in the New York Herald Tribune, titled, "'Lets Meet the Soviets Half-Way'", and editorial titled, "A Soviet Hand of Friendship".

Enclosed with record 117085.

BR thanks Eaton for his letter of 8 November and its enclosed clipping from the New York Herald Tribune. "I am glad the Herald Tribune is so friendly and I think the Russian scientists deserve an encouraging reply. I hope the larger conference they suggest will become possible."

Response is on the verso of Eaton's 8 November letter (record 117085).

Rotblat writes that the meeting of the committee set up at Pugwash, which he and BR last discussed in London, is beginning to materialize.

He has heard from Rabinowitch and Skobeltzyn, both of whom would be able to visit London in the latter part of December, perhaps between 18 and 20 December.

Rotblat understands that Eaton might be in London during the aforementioned time, and writes that it would be valuable to ask him to attend the meeting as well, as it is a possibility to hold the next conference in Pugwash as well.