"I enclose herewith a cheque for £453.3.5 for the outstanding portion of my income tax."

"Thank you for your letter and the six copies of Unarmed Victory which reached me today. I have signed the seventh copy, as you requested, for Sir Allen Lane and enclose it herewith.... I should be grateful if you would send a copy to Khrushchev and two copies to the Cuban Embassy, one for the Cuban Ambassador and the other for Castro...." BR agrees to April 5 as the publication date.

"I have continued to remember with gratitude your kindness to me in 1940. With regard to your paper on 'Footholds', I am, as you might expect, in complete agreement with your objects, but I feel some doubt as to the possibility of success along the lines you suggest unless supplemented by more popular and less scientific means of approval."

"I am grateful to you for explaining about Dost Mohammad and I enjoyed getting a letter from his great grandson so that at last the mere name is converted into flesh and blood. I was a boy of six when the book in question puzzled me. I am afraid the record of the British in regard to Afghanistan is not very creditable." Edith wrote "To be continued" at the end of the letter.

BR has read his paper on mathematical logic which has given him "much new information." "It is fifty years since I worked seriously at mathematical logic and almost the only work that I have read since that date is Gödel's. I realized, of course, that Gödel's work is of fundamental importance, but I was puzzled by it. It made me glad that I was no longer working at mathematical logic. If a given set of axioms leads to a contradiction, it is clear that at least one of the axioms must be false. Does this apply to school-boys' arithmetic, and, if so, can we believe anything that we were taught in youth?"

"I should like to make a few general remarks about my state of mind while Whitehead and I were doing the Principia. What I was attempting to prove was, not the truth of the propositions demonstrated, but their deducibility from the axioms. And, apart from proofs, what struck me as important was the definitions."

"More generally, Aristotelian logic is almost exclusively concerned with propositional functions having only one variable. The philosophies of Spinoza, Leibniz and Hegel are entirely dependent on this limitation."

"If you can spare the time,  I should like to know, roughly, how, in your opinion, ordinary mathematics—or, indeed, any deductive system—is affected by Gödel's work."

Re the dispute between Linus Pauling and Bentley Glass which arose from an article by Glass titled "Scientists in Politics" in their issue of May 1962. "I should have thought it evident that in any controversy between experts any accusation of error should be backed up by specific evidence and, further, that it should be made clear whether the accusation is only one of error ... or is one impugning scientific rectitude. This was certainly not made clear in Prof. Glass's original criticism of Dr. Pauling."

"As you know ... I agreed to write to Prof. Glass and to hold up any letter from me to the Bulletin until I had heard from Prof. Glass. I received a letter from him this morning, but it did not meet the points which seemed to me important and I am therefore sending the enclosed letter to the Bulletin. As you will see I have tried ... to put my points as inoffensively as possible."

"I do not find anything in your letter to change my opinion that you ought to make public the specific inaccuracies of which you believe Dr. Pauling to be guilty. I should have thought this a general principle. One would not, for instance, accuse a man of being a thief if one were unable or unwilling to give a specific instance. I feel so strongly that scientific controversy can only be fruitful if it is documented by evidence that I am sending a letter to the Bulletin."

"I received this morning a private letter from Prof. Glass which I do not find at all satisfactory. I am therefore sending a fresh letter to the Bulletin...."

"I have today received a private letter from Professor Glass which does not satisfy me. I must therefore ask you to publish the enclosed letter in the Bulletin in place of the letter which I previously asked you to publish."

Letter is marked "Private". "I am sorry to ask you to publish so long a letter, but the accusations in your editorial of April 8 cannot be answered effectively except at some length. As your attack was so vehement and upon me personally, I hope that you will consent to publish the enclosed reply <B&R C63.35>." BR encloses the reply with emendations in ink.

"You will find an account of my life-long friendship with Sanger on page 64 of my Portraits from Memory. Are you the daughter of the Makower who was my contemporary at Cambridge when we were undergrads? He was a man for whom I had a considerable affection and I particularly liked his devotion to music, but I lost sight of him when we both left Cambridge."

"You are quite right that my neutral monism is not 'pure'. I think that mental events only occur where there is a brain, or at least some kind of nervous system. My chief point, to which all other philosophers object, is that mental events have a location in space, in fact in the brain in the case of all higher animals, and, further, that they are constituents of the brain as well as of the mind." BR refers him to Human Knowledge, Part III.

"The main difference between sight and hearing, on the one hand, and the remaining senses on the other, is that the source of visual and auditory sensations is outside the body of the percipient, whereas touch, for instance, has its causal origin on the surface of the body of the percipient while such things as headache and stomachache have their causal origin inside the body. But all sensations, alike, are in the head. They differ only as to the physical location of their causes."

"Tell Penguin" concerning a footnote in Unarmed Victory on page 10, continued from page 9. See records 128018 and 128019.

"Tell Allen and Unwin" concerning a footnote in Unarmed Victory on page 12. See records 128018 and 128019.

"Professor Rotblat has brought to my attention what he informs me is an error in a footnote to my Unarmed Victory. He informs me that, at the time of the Cuban crisis, 'the response from the American scientists was as good as that from the Russians'. Apparently, the mistake arose from confusion with another occasion concerned with test ban negotiations. I regret that this confusion occurred."

"Professor Rotblat tells me that there is an error in the footnote on (page 9-10 <Penguin> and page 12 <Allen & Unwin>) and I shall be very grateful if there is a reprint, the following changes should be made. I am writing to the Times to correct the error."

"I am very sorry that, as you inform me, there is an error in a footnote (pp 9-10) to my Unarmed Victory. I am writing about this to the Times and to Penguin and Allen and Unwin. I enclose copies of these letters."

"It has been drawn to my attention that, on page 209 of Marriage and Morals, I say 'It seems on the whole fair to regard negroes as on the average inferior to white men.' I wish in any future reprint to substitute for the words 'It seems on the whole fair' the words 'There is no sound reason'."

"I do not know the address of Bantam books and I shall be grateful if you will forward to them the enclosed letter and find out on my behalf what they are willing to do to set the matter right."

"In Chapter 18 of Marriage and Morals which you are reprinting there is a statement 'It seems on the whole fair to regard negroes as on the average inferior to white men.' I have for a very long time come to think this statement erroneous and I very much regret that by some mistake the necessary correction was not conveyed to you. ... A very slight change of words would suffice—e.g. the substitution of 'There is no sound reason' for 'It seems on the whole fair'...."

"You bring to my notice that I have given various different definitions of 'philosophy'. I do not think any exact definition is possible. Broadly speaking, I should say that, apart from logic and ethics, philosophy consists of speculation on questions of great generality concerning which exact knowledge does not as yet exist, but I do not think that the definition of the word is a matter of much importance." On insincerity and solipsism.

"The view of physical objects which I now adhere to is, I think, best explained in Human Knowledge. I think that what occurs in any small region of physical space is a complex of spatially overlapping occurrences. In physics this complex can be treated as a single 'thing'—namely a piece of matter—but in dealing with perception a different way of dealing with the complex is necessary. From any given region of physical space causal lines radiate having a certain degree of structural similarity with some constituent of the complex occurring in that place. Many such causal lines meet at any region in physical space. If such a region is a brain, they constitute the complex of what that brain has 'perceived'. This view differs in some respects from that put forward in Our Knowledge of the External World."

"I have some letters from your uncle <Elie Halévy> which I enclose herewith. You are welcome to publish whatever you wish of them." BR much admired her uncle.

BR thanks him for returning the Strachey letters. "If I find any further correspondence that would be of interest to you, I will remember you."

"Cannot accept your suggested changers in letter of April 8 but in lines ten and eleven of third paragraph in place of 'refused to publish details' substitute 'failed' and in next line 'failure'."

"In reply to the letter which you published in your issue of April 21 quoting a statement from my Marriage and Morals I should like to say that subsequent research has led me to consider this unfavourable statement concerning negro ability unfounded and I regret having made it. I have made efforts to have it corrected in reprints of this book."

The word "unfavourable" was added in BR's hand.

BR would like Tylor to answer three of his questions. "a) How long a lapse of time do the authorities allow for paying death duties? b) How much would Child be prepared to lend on the security of our two houses? c) What would Stanley Unwin be prepared to pay? As to this, if copyrights have to be sold, it will be much better to sell them to Allen and Unwin than to anybody else." BR wants to avoid stringency for his heirs after his death.

BR refers her to Couturat's La Logique de Leibniz, his own Philosophy of Leibniz, and Couturat's Opuscules et Fragments Inédits de Leibniz. "The Princes and Princesses whom he wished to please were, primarily, the ruling House of Hanover on whom he depended for his livelihood, and also the Queen of Prussia, the Princess of Wales (afterwards Queen Caroline) and Prince Eugene Savoy. Voltaire did not misunderstand Leibniz as he chose to present himself to the public. Read for example Le Théodicée."

"I am writing to recommend to your favour an American psychiatrist Dr. Isidore Siverstein. He wishes to spend a year in Russia studying Soviet methods in psychiatry, which he believes to be in certain definite respects better than the methods practised in America."

"I am sorry to say that, although I have hunted through a number of my books, I have not succeeded in finding the passage that you quote, though I have no doubt that I wrote it. Could the French author give any help?"

"... it is forty years since I last worked at the principles of mathematics or mathematical logic and my knowledge is now somewhat out-of-date. I should advise you to find some younger man who is working on the foundations of mathematics who could, I hope, give you the sort of advice that you want."

"In a full-scale nuclear war the most destructive danger will be fire storms. These will kill everybody, even in very deep shelters, either by heat or by lack of oxygen, whichever operates the more quickly. Fire storms will turn the oxygen in the air into carbon monoxide which is poisonous and heavier than air so that it will seep into underground shelters. All the Authorities know this, but shelters and all forms of civil defence are an attempt to conceal the knowledge for the public."

"In your issue of May 12, in the leading article entitled 'Deterrent Decision', you enumerate three policies which Britain might have pursued.... The first (although you do not say so) is the policy of British unilateralists. You say that it is now too late for this policy a statement which I cannot accept."

"1) legal action {telephone | photographs of buildings 2) Defence vs. calling it a Communist 3) BR's support of Spies for Peace broke open way for people to uphold spies 4) Timing".

Re Feuer's The Scientific Intellectual which BR finds "very interesting". "I have been particularly interested in your biographical data—more especially, those about Copernicus and Newton. There are some respects in which I find difficulty in agreeing with you, notably where you bring in psychoanalysis. The conflict of science and religion ... seems to me psychologically a conflict between curiosity and fear such as one may often see in animals."

"Like all other lovers of peace, I welcome the Pope's encyclical. I enclose a copy of a statement <not present> which I made about it."

"£63 + £17 Cheques sent to Cardiff Peace Committee for coach (£80) to take Welsh to Holy Loch for demonstration on May 25".

"Autographed photo and 3 autographs to 14 year old Norwegian boy".

"Everything is being pronounced more nearly as it is spelled." A list of words with phonetic mark-ups follows. They include: "Dalziel > Di|el > Dalil".

"I am sorry to say that the passage you enclose from your forthcoming book contains errors of facts which I should have to repudiate if published. I was not in Dartmoor, but in Brixton; I was never asked to do any prison work; and all the prison officials, without exception, treated me with the utmost politeness ... Perhaps you can substitute a well-disguised fictional character."

BR thanks him for the birthday letter and congratulations him on his marriage.

"I did send a message to the Addis Ababa Conference and it was emphatically in support of Nkrumah. You ask whether I have any plans about de Gaulle. I am sorry to say that I have none: he is very unapproachable. I believe that Ralph Schoenman is in communication with you about the prospective Foundation here and I greatly hope that Ghana may do something to help it." Re BRPF.

"I am glad you liked my book Unarmed Victory which reviewers in England have almost entirely boycotted."

BR thanks him for his book about Moham Lal and sends him Unarmed Victory. "I am much interested by what you have to say about the past relations between the British and the Afghans. The Afghan war of 1878 of which my family strongly disapproved is my earliest political recollection."

"I should be grateful if from the date of your receipt of this letter until further notice you would pay to Mrs. Ruby Griffiths on my account the sum of £4.10.0 a week."

"Mrs. Griffiths".

"Mrs. Edwards—No".

"Nell—No".

"Amethe".

BR has so far only read parts of Overend's "The United Nations and the Conflict of Morals" but finds himself in "strong agreement" with what he has read. "Declarations not backed by force and not having the force of law are merely devices for making people feel virtuous without being so." BR refers him to Has Man a Future? for his views on world government.

BR thanks Hilton warmly for her book Logic, Computing Machines and Automation, of which he has only read parts, but finds those parts very interesting. "In particular, I am grateful for the nice things you say about Principia Mathematica and about me. The followers of Gödel had almost persuaded me that the twenty man-years spent on the Principia had been wasted and that the book had better be forgotten. It is a comfort to find that you do not take this view."

BR thanks her for the book Silent Traveller in London. "I found this book great fun and it was interesting to see how different London looks through Chinese eyes."

Re the Greek government, the situation in Greece, Greek support for Hitler, averting nuclear war, and establishing a truly democratic government in Greece.

"I am afraid I have nothing useful to contribute in regard to the Faroe Islands, although a first cousin of mine was British Consul there at the time of Queen Victoria's death, of which he remained uninformed for several months."

"All that you say about the James-Lange theory of emotions is interesting and I am quite willing to believe that what I said about it in the Analysis of Mind is erroneous. But, as it is forty years since I worked on the subject, I cannot now have a definite view, especially as it is a long time since I have done any philosophical work."

"... please convey my thanks to the Librarian for his suggestion. I have not yet made up my mind as to the disposal of my papers, but I will certainly consider leaving them to Trinity. I should be proud to be in the neighbourhood of Lycidas."

BR thanks her for sending the miniature orange tree. "As for Boethius, much as I admire him, I do not think I can compete with Alfred the Great Chaucer and Elizabeth."

BR will send him the documents as soon as he gets back to Wales.

BR apologizes for not writing to her after her visit, although Edith did write to her but she must not have received her letter.

BR suggests that he read Portraits from Memory for what he has to say about Joseph Conrad. "He was, as you know, legally Austrian and, when he expressed a desire for the sea, his family tried to induce him to go into the Austrian navy. But he wanted something more adventurous and therefore decided on the British Merchant service. ... I admired and loved him partly because his intensely passionate nature was controlled by an immense will-power and subdued to the purposes of art and life."

"I am sorry Paine's admirers are troubling you, but I do not see what I can do about it as I have a much higher opinion of Paine than you have. ... I get a great many abusive letters myself and I have developed a habit of ignoring them, which I find prevents vexation."

"I accept with pleasure your suggestion that I should write an article of about two thousand words on 'The Immorality of the Cold War', and I thank you for the generous fee of five hundred pounds."

BR thanks him for the Ethiopian Herald. "Your Emperor is a very interesting figure and I am glad to find him so admirable. It is heartening to find the Africans behaving so intelligently."

"I noted with pleasure that you stress the Latin substitution of 'verbum' for 'logos'. It has always seemed to me that this substitution distorted what Roman Theology took over from the Greek. Your quotation of Hume on Euclid was one which I had not previously noticed and which gives me much pleasure. I particularly like your comments on it."

Re the grandchildren's allowances, which are to be given quarterly.

A message for the Association's conference: "To find ways of promoting co-existence is far the most important problem facing the world at the present day. If this problem is not solved, it is unlikely that the human race will long continue to exist."

BR encloses a message for a conference. See record 128074.

"I have just sent you the article which you requested on 'Is the Cold War Immoral?'. I shall be grateful if you will make out the cheque for this article, not to me, but to the Bertrand Russell Peace Fund...."

"Dear

New Africa, 58 Paddington Street, London W1".

On whether a world government should use nuclear weapons to suppress an insurrection: "In view of the fact that knowledge of how to make weapons of mass destruction is not likely to be lost, it seems to me that the only hope of permanently avoiding nuclear war is a World Government strong enough to defeat any rebellion against its authority. The World Government should, of course, be democratic.... It should be part of the business of the World Authority to control the raw materials required for the making of nuclear weapons and so to prevent their manufacture." The reference is to p. 161 of the English edition of Bertrand Russell Speaks His Mind.

BR comments on the article "An Agnostic in Doubt" by Allan Dawson. "I am very much amused by the Editor's headline as I had always supposed that being in doubt was the definition of an agnostic. The argument that agnosticism offers us a less cheerful picture of the universe than is offered by those who think that their friends go to Heaven and their enemies go to Hell is totally irrelevant. The belief that one should accept whatever view pleases one's prejudices, even if there is no evidence in favour of such a view, leads, inevitably, to persecution, censorship and obscurantist dogmatism.... It is dogmatism that is the enemy, not this or that dogma."

"My house in London (43 Hasker Street) was recently entered by a burglar. He found two bottles of Red Hackle, consumed them on the spot, and thereupon considered further depredations unnecessary. I consider this a tribute to Red Hackle and accordingly I owe you a debt of gratitude. Will you kindly send me two dozen bottles of Red Hackle...."

"I have read the typed letters to Frege that you enclose. I am very sorry indeed that I do not feel that I can undertake to translate them ... I do not remember whether they were originally in English or in German. In any case, they seem to me very confused and unsatisfactory. I was bewildered by the contradiction and floundered about like a man who is out of his depth and cannot swim."

"It is infinitely to be regretted that your book about China failed to get published, but it is not surprising since it told things that America wished not to know."

"I am sorry you have been having a bad time and I enclose a loan of fifty pounds."

"I wonder whether you are really going to be tried for heresy. When I knew you in China, I had the impression that you were very far from being an orthodox Christian."

Ammerman wishes to reprint three of his writings—two of which he will need to obtain permission from Allen & Unwin. "You propose to include in your book Strawson 'On Referring'. I wonder whether you would consent to include in your book my reply to this article in My Philosophical Development, Chapter XVIII. As you will see, if you read this reply, I think very ill of Strawson's article and I should not wish it to seem as if I had no answer to him."

BR thanks him for the "... profoundly interesting article on the Queen of Sheba. I knew nothing about her beyond what is in the Old Testament and I had no idea that Haile Selassie claims descent from her and Solomon."

BR sends all his royalty statements for the last three years from every publisher.

"... I am hoping that, in principle, you may be willing to consider buying a certain number of copyrights after I am dead, either of books of which you are the publisher or of other books of mine. I do not see how else my heirs [i.e., my family] can escape a period of destitution." Re death duties on the (capitalized) posthumous sales of BR's books.

"We are delighted to hear that Mark has a little sister and, especially, that there is another Patricia Esdale in the land."

"I have no copy of this book for which I was not completely responsible. But the substance of it is contained in articles in the Monist of about the year 1919."

"I am surprised and pleased to find my letter about China and the test ban in your paper."

BR thanks her for her book on his ethical doctrines. "Ever since I abandoned the doctrines of Moore's Principia Ethica, I have suffered a violent conflict between what I felt and what I found myself compelled to believe." "I could not bring myself to think that Auschwitz was wicked only because Hitler was defeated.…"

"You're letter, just received, is both surprising and disquieting. My own recollection of our conversation is quite definitely that you conveyed the opinion of Rabinowitch, and this is also the recollection of my secretary <likely Schoenman>.... We are both firmly convinced that you said ... that the arguments against publishing my original letter to the Bulletin were those of Rabinowitch as well as of yourself."

"I am distressed by your letter as I had no intention whatever of accusing you of lying or of anything else that might impair our friendship. ... I am very sorry that there was a misunderstanding and still more sorry that you felt that I had been unjust and unfriendly, but I must stand by what I have written on behalf of Pauling for the Bulletin."

Re the grandchildren's bank accounts.

"I am sorry that I do not feel able to change my mind about translating letters to Frege into English. I am quite convinced that you are now more familiar with the letters than I am and, as I mentioned before, I am so overwhelmed with business that I cannot undertake anything avoidable." BR has no views as to copyright in the letters.

BR encloses an autographed photograph. "I am glad you are writing an anti-war work."

"I am sorry not to have spoken with you on the telephone but I was, at the time, ill and so asked my secretary <Schoenman?> to do so in my stead.... I will do my utmost to get the article to you in a fortnight."

"The Bulletin called Nuclear Information is very interesting and I should like your permission to quote it in an article that I am writing."

"Thank you very much for sending me your book on Santayana. So far, I have only dipped into it, but I find it full of interest...."

"Charles Ellis | Christopher Farley | Nicholas Johnson | Ralph Schoenman | Pamela Wood | Alastair Yule".